Fertilizers, essential to modern agriculture, have evoked fierce debate. Critics allege they harm the environment and human health, while proponents extol their ability to feed a growing population. This contentious war has embroiled scientists, policymakers, and farmers. Despite the necessity of fertilizers for increasing crop yields, concerns persist over their potential detrimental effects. Scientific evidence plays a pivotal role in shaping the trajectory of this debate, providing insights into the complexities and nuances of fertilizer use. By examining the scientific evidence, we can better understand the potential risks and benefits of fertilizers, enabling informed decision-making regarding their application.